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International relations
Date : 19 Feb
Introduction to international relations
It is one of the youngest discipline. Youngest means it started after 1st World War. The first chair (post of Professor) in IR was opened at University of Wales. In 1919 known as Woodrow Wilson Chair The president of usa can be considered as the founder of discipline.
What is the purpose of International relation as discipline ?
According to Woodrow Wilson the purpose is to stabilise New World Order
What is world order
One of the core concepts in international politics. World order is understood in two ways:
- In descriptive sense : How power is distributed around the globe For example, it can be multipolar unipolar bipolar or even apolar (Means there is no pole or concentration of power, Their power is diffused)
- In normative sense : The normative values means values on which world order is based
What does the Tom New World Order used by Woodrow Wilson define
In order to understand Woodrow Wilson, New World Order, we have to understand what was Old World Order
Evaluation of world orders
- From 1648 to 1919 first world order
Also known as Westphalian World Order This is considered by Wilson as Old World Order. And in 1919 he introduced his vision of New World Order
- From 1919 to 1945 Second World Order
- From 1945 to 1991 bipolar world Cold War
- 1991 to 2001 Unipolar word
- 2001 to till present Multipolar world or rise of rest (BRICKS) or decline of west(US).
Woodrow Wilson, New World Order
This was his aspiration to replace Old World Order For example, 1648 to 1919 Westphalian World Order
Salient features of Westphalian World Order
International politics was hardly international or global because it was confined to Europe, thus world politics during this time was politics among European nations
Why?
Rest of the world was colony, and hence they had no independent politics. For example, wars between British and French in India were the extension of their rivalries in Europe
The usa became independent in 1776. Yet usa did not involve itself involved world politics.
This policy of usa is called as isolationism.
Till 1919 US did not involve itself in World Affairs This policy is called as Monroe Doctrine There are two elements of their doctrine
- Us will not involve itself in world affairs
- Us will ensure its hegemony in the region, or American continent.
It means US will not tolerate the presence of any external power (European power)
Note: Indra-Rajiv doctrine is an Indian version of Monroe Doctrine.
What were the features of European politics
There were five or six major powers in Europe like
Britain, France, Prussia, Spain, Poland, Dutch
International politics was great power politics
What was the pattern in politics among nations
Pattern was there used to be regular wars This led to the principle of international politics, that international politics, nations are in the state of war or in the preparation of wars
The nature of war has changed consistently It has become more and more destructive with the advancement of Technology
First World War led to such A scale of destruction that compelled policy makers to think about the alternatives Means how to end war Oregon, how to bring peace Whirl peace is the objective of the discipline of international politics
What is the objective of theories in ir?
How to establish peace. So ir theories are peace theories, or peace studies
What was the normative principle of Westphalian World Order
In fact, treaty of waste failure is the first text in international law It stabilises the first principle Of international law. Treaty of waste failure stabilised sovereignty as Sacrosanct (Sacred principle)
Sovereign tea mince territorial integrity
It means every state has absolute right to protect their sovereignity Means they can go to any extent for self defence Even the extent of war, including the use of weapon of mass destruction
Why Westphalian World Order age war prone?
Westfall in World Order is anarchical (Absence of world government or any international order) Hence, security of the state depends upon self help.
What is the way to self help?
Since there is no world government and international law is voluntary in nature (no guarantee of enforcement). Hence, the only way one state can ensure is self help is through power. The ultimate determinant of power is hard power That is military power It requires arms. When there are arms war is inevitable
New World Order
Way to change the Old World Order
Because Westphalian World Order Age War prone. Wilson proposed an alternative to Westphalian World Order That is liberal world order
The features of liberal world order come from the 14 points a speech given by Woodrow Wilson in us. Congress
Woodrow Wilson proposed the establishment of League of nation. The first attempt to build world government in future
According to Wilson International organisation would convert the jungle of international politics into Zoo Means establishment of certain norms to be absorbed. Even norms to be absorbed during war.
For example Geneva Conventions
Woodrow Wilson proposed the idea of collective security, replacing the balance of power Politics observed international politics Westphalian World Order is based on self help Principle of collective security means security of one is also the concern of other
It means security can be collective concern
League of nation to be institution for Operationalising collective security.
League of nation – Collective security :- Multilateralism (Internationalism)
Freedom of trade and freedom of navigation. Why This ?
Because he believed that reason for First World War was protectionism.
Countries war protectionist
Protection of rights of the people
Which rights?
Right to self determination means right to have independent nation If people want to create an independent nation of their own, we should be recognising the right. Means international community should recognise the right of self determination If a state opposes international community should support the right of the people for their independence (For their human rights and democracy) : plebiscite
NOTE : Weather India support principal of National Self Determination
Not now.
Why Indian oppose the principle of national self-determination advocated by usa
Because usa did not support the demand of Indians during freedom struggles.
4 principles
- Multilateralism
- Freedom of a trate
- Freedom of navigation
- Democracy and human rights
Normality principle of Liberal World Order They are also core principle of us. Foreign policy
Note: At present, China is destroying the Liberal World Order (rule based order)
Who made the rules
Usa
What is the present stand of India
Today’s India is at the forefront of protecting the core principles of liberal world order US calls India as net security provider in the region
- At present, India is committed for protection of multilateralism (Maximum focus)
- Protection of free trade
- Freedom of navigation(Maritime security), Indian navy is a net security provider in Indian Ocean region
- Democracy and human rights (confused)
US wants us to be proactive in supporting
- Human rights violation of Tibet
- Human rights of uigher Muslims in Xinxiang in China
Even in case of rights of people of Baluchistan, India has not been as forthcoming as human right violation as it to be.
Is US committed about rights of self determination
Us is selective in its approach. It supported the right of self-determination of Jews, but is not as supportive as the rights of Palestinian though at present, in principle, us accept two state solution.
What is the real intention behind the emergence of concept of New World Order?
What is the real motive behind the emergence of the discipline of International relations?
What is international relation?
International relation is American social science. Majority of the scholars are from usa. There are some non American schools also.
English school
Post colonial school. They give 3rd World perspective
What is international relation
It is a subject by Americans for Americans
Objectives
To advance the goals of us. Foreign policy
What are the theories of international politics
There prescriptions for us. Foreign policy
What is the goal of us? Foreign policy
Us hegemony.
